多元社会目标取向的公共治理过程：芝加哥河滨步道地区城市设计实施研究
Public Governance Process Orientated to Multiple Social Goals: Research on the Implementation of Chicago Riverwalk Urban Design
张 颖
同济大学建筑与城市规划学院 博士研究生，高级工程师
摘要: 城市设计是为人民塑造良好空间环境的重要手段。选取芝加哥河滨步道地区城市设计实施为案例，综合考查其背景，以6类成果为框架总结其规划设计过程和内容，并从社会进程、法律路径、管理路径、经济路径、直接实施和评估改进等6方面分析其实施情况。结论概括形成城市设计治理体系，包括人、平台和过程3大部分：强调政府、公民社会和市场主体三方基于多元目标认同的协同行动；城市设计发挥公共治理平台功能；总结为目标凝聚、战略协同、整合实施和评估改进4个治理阶段。最后对我国城市设计未来发展提出若干建议。
Abstract: Urban design plays a significant role in creating great spaces for people. This article takes the classic Chicago Riverwalk area as a case to explore the essential points of urban design governance. Based on the inquiry of the background, the designing process and content are illustrated in a frame of six types of urban design documents. A thick analysis is further conducted under a conceptual framework of six dimensions: social process, legal mechanisms, administrative mechanisms, economic mechanisms, direct implementation, and evaluation and improvement. The conclusion provides an urban design governance system framework, which includes people, platform and process: the synergic actions of the government, civil society and private sectors sourced by social goals identity; urban design governance platform; four urban design governance phases, namely collective goals, synergic strategies, integrated implementation, and evaluation & improvement. Enlightenments are drawn for our country.
关键词：城市设计；实施；多元社会目标；治理；芝加哥河滨步道
Keyword: urban design; implementation; multiple social goals; governance; Chicago Riverwalk
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
庄宇. 城市设计的运作[M]. 上海：同济大学出版社，2004.
ZHUANG Yu. Make urban design working[M]. Shanghai: Tongji University Press, 2004.
祝贺，唐燕. 英国城市设计运作的半正式机构介入：基于CABE的设计治理实证研究[J]. 国际城市规划，2019，34（4）：120-126.
ZHU He, TANG Yan. The intervention of semi-formal institution in Britain's urban design process: an empirical study of design governance based on CABE[J]. Urban Planning International, 2019, 34(4): 120-126.
高源. 美国现代城市设计运作研究[D]. 南京：东南大学，2005.
GAO Yuan. Research on American modern urban design operation[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2005.
吕斌. 国外城市设计制度与城市设计总体规划[J]. 国外城市规划，1998（4）：2-9.
LYU Bin. Foreign urban design system and urban design master plan[J]. Urban Planning International, 1998(4): 2-9.
庄宇. 城市设计的实施策略与城市设计制度[J]. 规划师，2000（6）：55-57.
ZHUANG Yu. Implementation strategy of urban design and urban design system[J]. Planners, 2000(6): 55-57.
金广君. 美国城市设计导则介述[J]. 国外城市规划，2001（2）：6-9.
JIN Guangjun. Introduction of American urban design guidelines[J]. Urban Planning International, 2001(2): 6-9.
高源. 美国城市设计导则探讨及对中国的启示[J]. 城市规划，2007（4）：48-52.
GAO Yuan. American urban design guideline: discussion and implication[J]. City Planning Review, 2007(4): 48-52.
唐子来，付磊. 发达国家和地区的城市设计控制[J]. 城市规划汇刊，2002（6）：1-8.
TANG Zilai, FU Lei. Urban design control in the developed countries and region[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2002(6): 1-8.
李军，叶卫庭. 北美国家与中国在城市规划管理中的城市设计控制对比研究[J]. 武汉大学学报（工学版），2004（2）：176-178.
LI Jun, YE Weiting. Comparison of planning control in management of urban planning between China and North America[J]. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 2004(2): 176-178.
苏海龙. 设计控制的理论与实践[D]. 上海：同济大学，2007.
SU Hailong. The theory and practice of design control[D]. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2007.
霍玉婷. 美国城市设计审议及应用启示研究[D]. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2008.
HUO Yuting. Research on American urban design review and its application revelation[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2008.
郑宇，方凯伦，牛通，等. 新加坡城市设计审查制度[J]. 国际城市规划，2020，35（1）：154-158.
ZHENG Yu, FANG Kailun, NIU Tong, et al. Singapore urban design review system[J]. Urban Planning International, 2020, 35(1): 154-158.
高源. 美国城市设计运作激励及对中国的启示[J]. 城市发展研究，2005（3）：59-64.
GAO Yuan. An introduction to motivation of urban design operation in USA and thoughts concerned about China[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2005(3): 59-64.
林颖，李梦晨，柳应飞. 美国城市设计实施体系及其启示——强化城市设计的诱致性实施路径[J]. 规划师，2017（5）：143-149.
LIN Ying, LI Mengchen, LIU Yingfei. American urban design implementation and its enlightenment: the improving method of inductive implementation[J]. Planners, 2017(5): 143-149.
张庭伟. 当代美国规划研究与芝加哥经济转型[J]. 国外城市规划，2006（4）：1-5.
ZHANG Tingwei. Contemporary planning research in the US and the transition of Chicago[J]. Urban Planning International, 2006(4): 1-5.
City of Chicago, Department of Assets, Information and Services, Chicago. Chicago Riverwalk[EB/OL]. (2020-10-25) [2020-10-25]. https://www.chicagoriverwalk.us.
SHIRVANI H. The urban design process[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.
CARMONA M. The place-shaping continuum: a theory of urban design process[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 2014, 19(1): 2-36.
City of Chicago. About Chicago[EB/OL]. (2020-10-16) [2020-10-16]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/about.html.
WRIGLEY R L. The plan of Chicago: its fiftieth anniversary[J]. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1960, 26(1): 31-38.
CHAMPRES J, BOUTEFEU E. The Chicago park system: the example of Lake Front Park [EB/OL]. (2017-05-10) [2020-11-07]. http://paysages-territoires-transitions.cerema.fr/IMG/pdf/blue_green_infra_chicago.pdf.
City of Chicago. Central area plan[EB/OL]. (2020-11-04) [2020-11-04]. https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/dcd/supp_info/central_area_plandraft.html.
WEICKMANN F. Riverfront planning: case study of the "Chicago River corridor development plan"[R]. 2006.
ASLA. Walking the Riverwalk: connecting people to the Chicago River[EB/OL]. (2015-11-06) [2020-11-04]. https://www.asla.org/uploadedFiles/CMS/Meetings_and_Events/2015_Annual_Meeting_Handouts/FS-016_Walking%20the%20Riverwalk.pdf.
DALEY R M E. Chicago River agenda[R]. 2005.
HSIEH H, WU Y, WANG S, et al. Post-occupancy evaluation of the Chicago Riverwalk[R]. 2018.
SASAKI. Chicago Riverwalk phase 2 & 3: reclaimed waterfront that transforms the river into Chicago's next great recreational park[R]. 2016.
City of Chicago. City of Chicago home[EB/OL]. (2020-10-18) [2020-10-18]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en.html.
Chicago public library. Make no little plans: the 1909 plan of Chicago[EB/OL]. (2021-12-02) [2021-12-02]. https://www.chipublib.org/blogs/post/make-no-little-plans-the-1909-plan-of-chicago/.
City of Chicago, Department of Planning and Development, Chicago. Chicago River corridor design guidelines and standards (April 2005 revised edition)[R]. 2005.
Department of Planning and Development, Chicago. Chicago River design guidelines[EB/OL]. (2020-11-04) [2020-11-04]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/dcd/supp_info/chicago-river-design-guidelines-update.html.
City of Chicago, Department of Planning and Development, Chicago. Chicago River corridor development plan[R]. 1999.
SOM, Department of Planning and Development, Department of Transportation, et al. Chicago Riverwalk main branch framework plan[R]. 2009.
Architizer. Chicago Riverwalk by Ross Barney Architects[EB/OL]. (2017-03-13)[2020-11-11]. https://architizer.com/projects/chicago-riverwalk-2/.
李雯. 芝加哥滨河步道扩建[J]. 风景园林，2017（1）：91-104.
LI Wen. Chicago Riverwalk expansion[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2017(1): 91-104.
SASAKI. 2017 Rudy Bruner Award project data: Chicago Riverwalk phases 2 and 3 | State ST. to Franklin ST[R]. 2016.
Mayor's Press Office. Mayor Emanuel announces closing of $99 million TIFIA loan for Chicago Riverwalk[EB/OL]. (2013-06-13) [2020-11-10]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/mayor/press_room/press_releases/2013/june_2013/mayor_emanuel_announcesclosingof99milliontifialoanforchicagorive.html.
City of Chicago, Department of Zoning and Land Use Planning, Chicago. Extract for planned development 13 in Journal of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Chicago, Illinois [EB/OL]. (2011-02-07) [2020-11-04]. https://gisapps.chicago.gov/gisimages/zoning_pds/PD13.pdf.
BAKER W, JAMES P, TOMLINSON R, et al. Case study: Trump International Hotel & Tower[EB/OL].(2015-06-08) [2020-11-04]. https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/29-case-study-trump-international-hotel-tower.pdf.
City of Chicago, Department of Zoning and Land Use Planning, Chicago. PD835[EB/OL]. (2018-06-29) [2020-11-04]. https://gisapps.chicago.gov/gisimages/zoning_pds/PD835.pdf.
Mayor's Press Office. Mayor Lightfoot announces Chicago Riverwalk generated $16.5 million in revenues during 2019 season[EB/OL]. (2019-12-31) [2020-11-04]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Press%20Room/Press20Releases/2019/December/ChicagoRiverwalkRevenues2019.pdf.
Department of Planning and Development, Chicago. Tax increment financing (TIF)[EB/OL]. (2020-07-21) [2020-11-17]. https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/dcd/provdrs/tif.html.
Department of Planning and Development, Chicago. North loop Riverwalk plan moves ahead[EB/OL]. (2010-11-03) [2020-11-17]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/dcd/provdrs/sustain/news/2010/nov/north_loop_riverwalkplanmovesahead.html.
Department of Planning and Development, Chicago. Open space impact fee[EB/OL]. (2020-07-17) [2020-11-17]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/city/en/depts/dcd/supp_info/open_space_impactfee.html.
Mayor's Press Office. Mayor Emanuel announces completion of 1.25-mile Chicago Riverwalk with the opening of Chicago Riverwalk east[EB/OL]. (2019-05-13) [2020-11-07]. https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Press%20Room/Press%20Releases/2019/May/ChicagoRiverwalkEast.pdf.
Commission on Global Governance. Our global neighborhood[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
RHODES R A. Understanding governance: policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability[M]. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore: SAGE Publications, 2007.
CO-TRAIN, UNDP. Governance for sustainable human development[R]. 1997.
MCINTYRE D P, SRINIVASAN A. Networks, platforms, and strategy: emerging views and next steps[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2017, 38(1): 141-160.
王节祥，蔡宁. 平台研究的流派、趋势与理论框架——基于文献计量和内容分析方法的诠释[J]. 商业经济与管理，2018（3）：20-35.
WANG Jiexiang, CAI Ning. Schools, tendencies and theory frameworks of platform research: interpretation based on bibliometric and content analysis method[J]. Journal of Business Economics, 2018(3): 20-35.
曼纽尔•卡斯特. 认同的力量[M]. 夏铸九，黄丽玲，等译. 北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003.
CASTELLS M. The power of identity[M]. XIA Zhujiu, HUANG Liling, et al, translate. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2003.
DAVID F R, DAVID F R, DAVID M E. Strategic management: a competitive advantage approach, concepts and cases[M]. Edinburgh Gate: Pearson, 2016.
