城市空间韧性理论及实践的研究进展与展望*
Research Progress and Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Urban Spatial Resilience
鲁钰雯
南京大学建筑与城市规划学院 南京大学城市安全发展研究中心 助理研究员，博士
翟国方（通信作者）
南京大学建筑与城市规划学院 南京大学城市安全发展研究中心 教授，博士生导师
摘要: 极端天气事件、自然灾害、事故灾害以及公共卫生事件的频繁发生，严重威胁到人类社会的安全和可持续发展。“韧性”理念致力于处理复杂社会—生态系统中的动态与可持续发展问题，该理念的引入为城市提供了一种应对灾害风险、协调城市发展目标和城市安全底线的新视角。“城市空间”是城市各种活动的物质载体和空间表征，是协调城市各系统要素健康有序发展的物质纽带，影响着城市社会经济发展和人居环境。“城市空间韧性”的提出是韧性理论与城市空间研究相结合的新尝试。梳理城市空间韧性的起源与发展，明确城市空间韧性的概念与内涵，归纳城市空间韧性的主要评估方法，总结应对灾害风险的城市空间韧性实践进展。最后指出目前城市空间韧性研究的不足之处，并提出研究展望，以期为我国国土空间韧性建设提供参考。
Abstract: The frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, natural disasters, accidents and public health incidents seriously threaten the safety and sustainable development of human society. The introduction of the concept of resilience, which addresses the dynamics and sustainability of complex social-ecological systems, provides cities with a new perspective on disaster risk and the coordination of urban development goals and urban safety bottom lines. Urban space is the material carrier and spatial representation of various activities in cities, and is the material link that coordinates the healthy and orderly development of all elements of urban systems, affecting urban socio-economic development and the human living environment. The proposal of urban space resilience is a new attempt to combine resilience theory and urban space research. This study firstly compares the origin and development of urban spatial resilience, clarifies the concept and connotation of urban spatial resilience, summarizes the main assessment methods of urban spatial resilience, and summarizes the progress of urban spatial resilience practice in response to disaster risks. Finally, this paper summarizes the shortcomings of the current urban spatial resilience research and puts forward the research outlook, in order to provide references for the construction of spatial resilience in China.
关键词：城市空间韧性；理论发展；实践探索；韧性城市；灾害风险
Keyword: urban spatial resilience; theoretical development; practical exploration; resilient cities; disaster risk
中图分类号：TU981
文献标识码: A
资金资助
中国博士后科学基金 基于人工智能技术的城市空间韧性评估及规划调控研究 2021M701649
MORINIERE L. Environmentally influenced urbanisation: footprints bound for town?[J]. Urban Studies, 2012, 49(2): 435-450.
ZHAI G, LI S, CHEN J. Reducing urban disaster risk by improving resilience in China from a planning perspective[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2015, 21(5): 1206-1217.
翟国方，夏陈红. 我国韧性国土空间建设的战略重点[J]. 城市规划，2021，45（2）：44-48.
ZHAI Guofang, XIA Chenhong. Strategic emphasis on the construction of resilient cities in China[J]. City Planning Review, 2021, 45(2): 44-48.
GODSCHALK D R. Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities[J]. Natural Hazards Review, 2003, 4(3): 136-143.
ALLAN P, BRYANT M, WIRSCHING C, et al. The influence of urban morphology on the resilience of cities following an earthquake[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 2013, 18(2): 242-262.
HARRISON P, BOBBINS K, CULWICK C, et al. Urban resilience thinking for municipalities[J]. Solutions, 2014, 5(5): 26-30.
刘易斯•芒福德. 城市发展史[M]. 倪文彦，宋俊岭，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1973.
MUMFORD L. The city in history: its origins, its transformations, and its prospects[M]. NI Wenyan, SONG Junling, translate. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 1973.
ALEXANDER D E. Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 2013, 13(11): 2707-2716.
LEWONTIN R C. The meaning of stability[C]//Diversity and stability of ecological systems - Brookhaven Symposia in Biology. 1969, 22(22): 13.
ROSENZWEIG M L. Paradox of enrichment: destabilization of exploitation ecosystems in ecological time[J]. Science, 1971(171): 385-387.
HOLLING C S. Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1973, 4(4): 1-23.
PIMM S L. The complexity and stability of ecosystems[J]. Nature, 1984, 307(5949): 321-326.
BERKES F, FOLKE C, COLDING J. Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998: 387-389.
LIAO K. A theory on urban resilience to floods-a basis for alternative planning practices[J]. Ecology and Society, 2012, 17(4): 388-395.
MARCUS L, COLDING J. Toward an integrated theory of spatial morphology and resilient urban systems[J]. Ecology and Society, 2014, 19(4): 55.
BERKE P R, SONG Y, STEVENS M. Integrating hazard mitigation into new urban and conventional developments[J]. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2009, 28(4): 441-455.
CARPENTER S, WALKER B, ANDERIES J M, et al. From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what?[J]. Ecosystems, 2001, 4(8): 765-781.
ALBERTI M. Urban patterns and environmental performance: what do we know?[J]. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 1999, 19: 151-163.
SHARIFI A. Resilient urban forms: a macro-scale analysis[J]. Cities, 2019, 85: 1-14.
SHARIFI A. Resilient urban forms: a review of literature on streets and street networks[J]. Building and Environment, 2019, 147: 171-187.
FELICIOTTI A, ROMICE O, PORT S A. Design for change: five proxies for resilience in the urban form open house international[J]. Open House International, 2017, 41(4): 23-30.
NYSTRÖM M, FOLKE C. Spatial resilience of coral reefs[J]. Ecosystems, 2001, 4: 406-417.
FOLKE C. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2006, 16(3): 253-267.
CUMMING G S. A theoretical framework for the analysis of spatial resilience[M]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011: 35-66.
DAVOUDI S, CRAWFORD J, MEHMOOD A. Planning for climate change: strategies for mitigation and adaptation for spatial planners[J]. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies & Management, 2009, 48(13): 2905-2910.
JABAREEN Y. Planning the resilient city: concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk[J]. Cities, 2013, 31(2): 220-229.
FLEISCHHAUER M. The role of spatial planning in strengthening urban resilience[M]//PASMAN H J, KIRILLOV I A. Resilience of cities to terrorist and other threats. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008: 273-298.
戴维•R•戈德沙尔克. 城市减灾：创建韧性城市[J]. 许婵，译. 国际城市规划，2015，30（2）：22-29.
GODSCHALK D R. Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities[J]. XU Chan, translate. Urban Planning International, 2015, 30(2): 22-29.
BUCHANAN M. Disaster by design[J]. Nature Physics, 2012, 8(10): 699.
邵亦文，徐江. 城市韧性：基于国际文献综述的概念解析[J]. 国际城市规划，2015，30（2）：48-54.
SHAO Yiwen, XU Jiang. Understanding urban resilience: a conceptual analysis based on integrated literature review[J]. Urban Planning International, 2015, 30(2): 48-54.
MEEROW S, NEWELL J P, STULTS M. Defining urban resilience: a review[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, 147: 38-49.
FELICIOTTI A, ROMICE O, PORTA S. From system ecology to urban morphology: towards a theory of urban form resilience[C]//IFoU 2018: reframing urban resilience implementation: aligning sustainability and resilience, 2018.
SHARIFI A, YAMAGATA Y. Urban resilience assessment: multiple dimensions, criteria, and indicators[M]//YAMAGATA Y, MARUYAMA H. Urban resilience: a transformative approach. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016: 259-276.
HOSSEINI S, BARKER K. Modeling infrastructure resilience using Bayesian networks: a case study of inland waterway ports[J]. Computer & Industrial Engineering, 2016, 93: 252-266.
TANG J. Assessment of resilience in complex urban systems[M]//FILHO W L, AZUL A M, BRANDLI L, et al. Industry, innovation and infrastructure - encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals. Cham: Springer, 2019.
HIROTA M, HOLMGREN M, VAN NES E H, et al. Global resilience of tropical forest & savanna to critical transitions[J]. Science, 2011, 334(6053): 232-235.
MAGEAU M T, COSTANZA R, ULANOWICZ R E. The development and initial testing a quantitative assessment of ecosystem health[J]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1995, 1(2): 201-213.
SCHRÖDER A, PERSSON L, ROOS M D. Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review[J]. Oikos, 2005, 110(1): 3-19.
HULSE D, GREGORY S. Integrating resilience into floodplain restoration[J]. Urban Ecosystems, 2004, 7(3): 295-314.
BRUNEAU M, CHANG S E, EGUCHI R T, et al. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance
安全韧性城市 | 7
the seismic resilience of communities[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2003, 19(4): 733-752.
OUYANG M, DUEÑAS-OSORIO L. Time-dependent resilience assessment and improvement of urban infrastructure systems[J]. Journal of Nonlinear Science, 2012, 22(3): 033122.
高江波，赵志强，李双成. 基于地理信息系统的青藏铁路穿越区生态系统韧性评价[J]. 应用生态学报，2008，19（11）：2473-2479.
GAO Jiangbo, ZHAO Zhiqiang, LI Shuangcheng. GIS-based evaluation of ecosystem resilience in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway crossing area[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, 19(11): 2473-2479.
ARIANOUTSOU M, KOUKOULAS S, KAZANIS D. Evaluating post-fire forest resilience using GIS and multi-criteria analysis: an example from Cape Sounion National Park, Greece[J]. Environmental Management, 2011, 47(3): 384-397.
修春亮，魏冶，王绮. 基于“规模—密度—形态”的大连市城市韧性评估[J]. 地理学报，2018，73（12）：2315-2328.
XIU Chunliang, WEI Ye, WANG Qi. Evaluation of urban resilience of Dalian City based on the perspective of "size-density-morphology"[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(12): 2315-2328.
王绮. “规模—密度—形态—功能”四位一体的城市安全问题研究[D]. 长春：东北师范大学，2016.
WANG Qi. Research on urban safety based on a quaternity angle of "size-density-morphology-function": a case of Dalian[D]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University, 2016.
AHERN J. Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2013, 28(6): 1203-1212.
刘志敏，修春亮，宋伟. 城市空间韧性研究进展[J]. 城市建筑，2018（35）：16-18.
LIU Zhimin, XIU Chunliang, SONG Wei. Urban spatial resilience: a review[J]. Urbanism and Architecture, 2018(35): 16-18.
DEMPSEY N, BROWN C, RAMAN S, et al. Elements of urban form[M]//JENKS M, JONES C. Dimensions of the sustainable city. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010: 21-51.
GODSCHALK D R, BEATLEY T, BERKE P, et al. Natural hazard mitigation: recasting disaster policy and planning[M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 1999.
STOLKER R J M. Ageneric approach to assess operational resilience[D]. Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, 2008.
钟琪，戚巍. 基于态势管理的区域韧性评估模型[J]. 经济管理，2010，32（8）：32-37.
ZHONG Qi, QI Wei. Regional resilience evaluation model research based on situation management[J]. Economic Management, 2010, 32(8): 32-37.
陈长坤，陈以琴，施波，等. 雨洪灾害情境下城市韧性评估模型[J]. 中国安全科学学报，2018，28（4）：1-6.
CHEN Changkun, CHEN Yiqin, SHI Bo, et al. A model for evaluating urban resilience to rainstorm and flood disaster[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2018, 28(4): 1-6.
鲁钰雯，翟国方，施益军，等. 荷兰空间规划中的韧性理念及其启示[J]. 国际城市规划，2020，35（1）：102-110，117.
LU Yuwen, ZHAI Guofang, SHI Yijun, et al. Resilience within spatial planning in the Netherlands and its implications[J]. Urban Planning International, 2020, 35(1): 102-110, 117.
TYLER S, MOENCH M. A framework for urban climate resilience clinical and developmental immunology[J]. Climate and Development, 2012, 4(4): 311-326.
张京祥，夏天慈. 治理现代化目标下国家空间规划体系的变迁与重构[J]. 自然资源学报，2019，34（10）：2040-2050.
ZHANG Jingxiang, XIA Tianci. The change and reconstruction of spatial planning system under the goal of modern national governance[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(10): 2040-2050.
ROGGEMA R. The use of spatial planning to increase the resilience for future turbulence in the spatial system of the Groningen Region to deal with climate change[M]//ROGGEMA R. Swarm planning: the development of a planning methodology to deal with climate adaptation. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014: 117-161.
SCHMIDT-THOME P. Natural and technological hazards and risks affecting the spatial development of European regions[M]. Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland, 2006: 109-123.
PASMAN H J, KIRILLOV L A. Resilience of cities to terrorist and other threats[M]. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008: 273-298.
PEACOCK W. Advancing the resilience of coastal localities: developing, implementing and sustaining the use of coastal resilience indicators: a final report[R]. 2010.
LINKOV I, EISENBERG D A, BATES M E, et al. Measurable resilience for actionable policy[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, 47(18): 10108-10110.
CHELLERI L. From the "resilient city" to urban resilience: a review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems[J]. Documents d'Anàlisi Geogràfica, 2012, 58(2): 287-306.
李云燕. 韧性与安全可持续：关于城市空间适灾理论概念框架的思考[J]. 城市建筑，2017（21）：122-125.
LI Yunyan. Urban resilience and continuous development of safety: thinking about the conceptual framework of urban space adaptation to disaster[J]. Urbanism and Architecture, 2017(21): 122-125.
杨选梅. 国土空间韧性：概念框架及实施路径[J]. 城市规划学刊，2021（3）：112-118.
YANG Xuanmei. Territorial space resilience: a conceptual framework and its implementation path[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2021(3): 112-118.
高婧怡，翟国方. 建设韧性国土空间的总体思路研究——以南京为例[J]. 西部人居环境学刊，2022，37（4）：108-114.
GAO Jingyi, ZHAI Guofang. The general idea of building the land space more resilient: Nanjing case[J]. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, 2022, 37(4): 108-114.
孟海星，沈清基. 城市生态空间防灾韧性：概念辨析、影响因素与提升策略[J]. 城乡规划，2021（3）：28-34.
MENG Haixing, SHEN Qingji. Disaster resilience of urban ecological space: concepts, influencing factors, and strategies[J]. Urban & Rural Planning, 2021(3): 28-34.
蒋应红，沈雷洪. 疫情与灾害叠加下的城市韧性健康开放空间规划策略研究[J]. 上海城市规划，2021（2）：76-81.
JIANG Yinghong, SHEN Leihong. Study on planning strategies of resilient and healthy open space in cities under the combination of epidemic and disaster[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2021(2): 76-81.
