乡村振兴背景下村庄闲置公共设施活化利用的认识与实践*——以浙江黄岩屿头乡沙滩村为例
Exploration and Practice of Activation and Utilization of Abandoned Village Public Facilities under the Background of Rural Revitalization: A Case Study of Shatan Village, Yutou Township, Huangyan District, Zhejiang Province
杨贵庆
同济大学建筑与城市规划学院 教授，博士生导师 中国城市规划学会山地城乡规划学术委员会 副主任委员
但梦薇
中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 工程师，硕士
开 欣
上海同济城市规划设计研究院有限公司 工程师，硕士
摘要: 村庄闲置公共设施在我国偏远地区山地乡村不同程度地存在，是计划经济年代特别是人民公社时期的产物，具有历史性价值和功能改造价值。对其活化利用的可能性体现在：它们类型和数量较多，产权基本上属于村集体或国有，占地属于建设用地性质，空间位置较好，建筑质量和空间特征便于改造利用，并具有地方风貌特色。活化利用村庄闲置公共设施的必要性体现在：符合资源节约和低碳原则，便于精准配置公共设施，促进城乡要素流动下的乡村产业发展，并可赓续地方建筑风貌特色。基于浙江省黄岩区屿头乡沙滩村的实践，得出以下启示：应深入调研、充分挖掘和认识村庄闲置公共设施的历史文化和空间使用价值；整体规划、统筹考虑，把个别建筑的活化利用同村庄整体发展的功能定位相结合；要因地制宜、量体裁衣，充分把握建筑质量、结构构造特点，做好综合评估，做到既符合合理性、现代化使用要求，又体现出历史年轮和乡土风貌特征。
Abstract: Abandoned village public facilities are more or less located in mountainous villages in remote areas of China. They were built in the era of planned economy, especially in the period of people's communes, and have values of history and function renewal. The characteristics of abandoned village public facilities include various types and quantities, the village collective or state-owned property right, the attribute of construction land, good location, being convenient for utilization, and having local features. These characteristics make the activation and utilization more feasible. The necessity of activation and utilization of abandoned village public facilities is instantiated by saving resources and being low-carbon, facilitating the accurate allocation of public facilities, promoting the development of rural industries and the flow of urban and rural factors, and maintaining local architectural features. Based on the practice of Shatan Village, Yutou Township, Huangyan District, Zhejiang Province, three inspirations can be summarized. First, the planning should deeply investigate and fully explore the historical value, cultural value and spatial value of abandoned village public facilities. Second, the activation and utilization of a single building should be combined with the overall planning function of the village. Third, the planning should adapt to local conditions, and make full use of the quality and structural characteristics of the building, to not only meet the requirements of modern use but also reflect historical characteristics and local features.
关键词：村庄闲置公共设施；活化利用；有机更新；乡村振兴；黄岩；屿头乡；沙滩村
Keyword: abandoned village public facilities; activation and utilization; organic renewal; rural revitalization; Huangyan District; Yutou Township; Shatan Village
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
国家自然科学基金面上项目 乡村聚落空间布局优化理论与规划方法研究——以浙江地区为例 51878459
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虑。把单个建筑的活化利用同村庄整体发展的功能定位相结合，基于城乡要素流动的视角，深入调查研究，结合村庄发展定位，通过注入新功能，培育村庄发展的内在活力，使改造后的公共设施空间环境与当代的经济社会活动相互支撑。只有明确了村庄规划目标，单个建筑的改造利用才会有清晰定位。三是要因地制宜、量体裁衣。充分把握闲置公共设施本身的建筑质量、结构构造特点，评估好转化使用的可能性，找准其历史文化价值和要素，并结合活化利用的新功能定位，通过保留、更新、局部拆除等多种方式，达到“修旧如故”而非“修旧如旧”，既符合使用合理性、现代性的要求，又体现出乡土特色和风貌特征。在活化利用中保护和赓续地方文化特色，促进乡村产业经济、社会文化以及空间环境的可持续发展。
（沙滩村闲置公共设施的活化利用实践得到台州黄岩区各级党委政府的支持，同济大学师生团队和地方设计院共同参与协助，在此一并致谢。）
图16 供销社改造后增设的屋顶活动平台
Fig.16 Supply and marketing cooperative building adds rooftop platform through renovation
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