学校选址：社区学校的争议性未来
School Siting: Contested Visions of the Community School
诺伦•麦克唐纳 [美国]
北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校 城市与区域规划系，讲师
张纯
北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院 讲师，博士
郑童
中国城市规划设计研究院 规划师，博士
摘要: 美国正在进入学校史无前例大建设的时代，然而学校应该选址在何处、建设多大面积仍然充满争论。通过综述关于土地利用规划中学校选址和教育设施布局的相关文献，辅以对来自马里兰州和北弗吉尼亚州10个县的学校设施规划师的深度访谈，追溯学校选址标准的规划历史，解释目前影响学校选址决策的因素，并识别地方和区域规划师在学校选址决策的作用。发现不同的群体对“社区学校”的定义差异迥然。精明增长倡导者认为社区学校是面积较小并与邻里密切相关的，但学校设施规划师却希望社区学校能满足整个地区的需求。建议不同的社区应该权衡两种面积学校的利弊，考虑学生步行上学的距离，运动场地的潜力，学校设计和社区连接等方面的地方偏好而做出决策。因而，地方和区域规划师应该与学校设施规划师紧密合作，通过引导规划过程和参与专家研讨会，帮助社区建设基于地方自身愿景的社区学校。同时建议州政府调整学校建设和选址的政策，以赋予地方足够的灵活性。
Abstract: The United States is embarking on an unprecedented era of school construction even as debate continues over where schools should be located and how much land they should occupy. Purpose: My three goals for this study are to trace the evolution of school siting standards, to explain the factors currently influencing school facility location decisions, and to identify what local and regional planners could contribute to school siting decisions. This paper reviews the land use planning and educational facilities literatures on school siting, and conducts in-depth interviews with school facility planners from 10 counties in Maryland and northern Virginia to assess their perspectives on the school planning process. It discovers that different groups use very different definitions of community school. Smart growth proponents advocate community schools that are small and intimately linked to neighborhoods, while school facility planners expect community schools to meet the needs of entire localities. The author recommends that individual communities consider the tradeoffs associated with different school sizes and make choices that meet local preferencesfor locations within walking distance of students, potential for sports fields, school design, and connections to neighborhoods. State school construction and siting policies should support flexibility for localities. The implications lies in that local and regional planners should work with school facility planners to conduct exercises and charettes to help each community determine how to realize its own vision of community schools.
关键词：学校、学校选址、精明增长、社区学校、邻里
Keyword: Schools, School siting, Smart growth, Community schools, Neighborhood
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
本研究受到弗吉尼亚大学建筑学院和北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校城市与区域规划系共同资助。译者根据原载于《美国规划协会会刊》2010 年，第76 卷，第2 期（Journal of the American Planning Association, 76[2],2010）的“School Siting: Contested Visions of the Community School”一文编译，该文被JAPA评为当年最有影响力的十大文章之一。DOI 10.1080/01944361003595991 . Am
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