英国空间规划体系改革及其对乡村发展与规划的影响*
Spatial Planning System Reform in the UK and Its Impact on Rural Development and Planning
贾 宁
英国卡迪夫大学城乡规划 博士研究生 山东省城乡规划设计研究院 规划师
陈 春（通讯作者）
重庆交通大学建筑与城市规划学院 教授，博士
于 立
英国卡迪夫大学生态城市硕士专业 主任 中英生态城市与可持续发展研究中心 主任，博士生导师
摘要: 《1947年城乡规划法》奠定了英国的城乡规划体系，但伴随着空间规划体系的变革，英国的乡村规划工作也在发生变化。简要回顾英国乡村规划沿革，将研究重点放在21世纪以来空间规划的变革。“2004年规划和强制购买法”明确英国规划向空间规划范式的转变，但是“2011年地方主义法”对英国的空间规划体系进行了变革，对乡村规划造成了影响。研究发现，英国目前的空间规划改革对“1947年城乡规划法”以来所构建的英国规划体系和规划方式产生了冲击。但规划改革使地方自主权与灵活性得到加强，乡村地区的地方政府积极性得到调动。通过3个案例的介绍，说明了乡村规划的编制所出现的地方性、协商性与实施性的特征。空间规划的变革也给英国的乡村带来一系列新的问题和挑战。通过对这些问题和挑战的分析，希望从英国的经验和教训中获取对我国的国土空间规划构建和乡村规划工作的一些启示。
Abstract: 1947 Town and Country Planning Act established the urban-rural planning system in the UK. However due to the changes of the spatial planning system, the rural planning in the UK has also been amended. This paper briefly reviews the evolution of rural planning in the UK, and then concentrating on the changes in spatial planning in the 21st century. The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 clarified a spatial planning paradigm. The Localism Act 2011 has changed the British spatial planning system while creating impacts on rural planning. It is found in the research that the current spatial planning reform in the UK has impacted on the planning system which was established in 1947. Nevertheless, the spatial planning reform has strengthened local autonomy and flexibility, and mobilized the enthusiasm of local governments in rural areas. The paper, by providing three cases, illustrates the characteristics of locality, public participation and implementation in the compilation of rural planning. The research points out that the change of spatial planning has also brought a series of new problems and challenges to the rural areas. Through the analysis of these problems and challenges, this paper hopes to gain some lessons and experience for formation of China spatial planning and rural planning system.
关键词：规划体系改革 | 空间规划 | 乡村规划与政策 | 挑战
Keyword: Planning system reform | Spatial planning | Rural planning and policy | Challenges
中图分类号：TU981
文献标识码: A
资金资助
国家重点研发计划资助项目 国家重点研发计划资助项目 2018YFD1100300
于立，那鲲鹏. 英国农村发展政策及乡村规划与管理[J]. 中国土地科学，2011，25（12）：75-80.
YU Li, NA Kunpeng. Rural development policies and planning and management for rural area in the UK[J]. China Land Science, 2011, 25 (12): 75-80.
于立. 英国乡村发展政策的演变及对中国新型城镇化的启示[J]. 武汉大学学报 (人文科学版)，2016（2）：30-34.
YU Li. Evolution of rural development policies in the UK and lessons for Chinese new type of urbanisation[J]. Journal of Wuhan University (Arts & Humanity), 2016 (2): 30-34.
BARLOW A M. Royal commission on distribution of industrial population report[R]. London: HM Stationery Office, 1940.
BRITAIN G. National parks and access to the countryside act[R]. London: HM Stationery Office, 1974.
GREEN R J. Country planning: the future of the rural regions[M]. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971.
MARSDEN T, MURDONCH J, LOWE P, et al. Constructing the countryside[M]. London: UCL Press, 1993.
GILG A. Planning in Britain: understanding and evaluating the post-war system[M]. Newcastle upon Tyne: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2005.
CURRY N, OWEN S. Rural planning in England: a critique of current policy[J]. Town Planning Review, 2009, 80 (6): 575-596.
WARD S. Planning and urban change[M]. Newcastle upon Tyne: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2004.
DAVIES H W E. Continuity and change: the Evolution of the British planning system, 1947-97[J]. Town Planning Review, 1998, 69 (2): 135.
姜涛，吴志强. 西欧1990年代空间战略性规划案例的比较研究[J]. 城市规划学刊，2007（5）：53-56.
JIANG Tao, WU Zhiqiang. A case study on the western European strategic spatial planning(SSP) in the 1990s[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2007 (5): 53-56.
SHAW D, LORD A. 2009. From land-use to spatial planning': reflections on the reform of the English planning system[J]. Town Planning Review, 2009, 80(4-5): 415-436.
CULLINGWORTH J B. British land-use planning: a failure to cope with change?[J]. Urban Studies, 1997, 34 (5-6): 945-960.
GALLENT N, JUNTTI M, KIDD S, SHAW D. Introduction to rural planning[M]. London: Routledge, 2008.
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Planning policy statement 7: sustainable development in rural areas[R]. 2004.
于立. 控制性规划与指导性规划及未来规划体系的发展趋势——以荷兰与英国为例[J]. 国际城市规划，2011，26（5）：56-65.
YU Li. Regulatory and discretionary planning and way forward of planning system: cases of the Netherlands and the UK[J].Urban Planning International, 2011, 26 (5): 56-65.
COURTNEY P, AGARWAL S, ERRINGTON A, et al. Determinants of relative economic performance of rural areas[R]. 2004.
DEAKINS D, GALLOWAY L, MOCHRIE R. The use and effect of ICT on Scotland's rural business community: research report for Scottish economists' network[R]. 2003.
BRYDEN J, ATTERTON J, COURTNEY P, HART K, et al. Differential economic performance in rural areas[R]. 2000.
SLEE R W. Sustainable solutions: dreams, dilemmas, dangers[M]. Plymouth: University of Plymouth, UK, 2008.
CURRY N. Sustainable rural development in England: policy problems and equity consequences[J]. Local Economy, 2012, 27 (2): 95-102.
GALLENT N. The rural–urban fringe: a new priority for planning policy?[J]. Planning, Practice & Research, 2006, 21 (3): 383-393.
BELL D, JAYNE M. The creative countryside: policy and practice in the UK rural cultural economy[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2010, 26 (3): 209-218.
PECK J. Struggling with the creative class[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2005 (29): 740-770.
BANKS M, LOVATT A, O'CONNOR J, et al. Risk and trust in the cultural industries[J]. Geoforum, 2000, 31 (4): 453-464.
FLORIDA R. Cities and the creative class[M]. London: Routledge, 2005.
于立. 不确定性，完美实施，随机性规划方式及规划的评估[C]//城市规划评价及其方法：欧洲理论家与中国学者的前沿性研究. 南京：东南大学出版社，2012：212-221.
YU Li. Uncertainty, perfect implementation, contingency planning and planning evaluation[C]//Planning evaluation and its approaches: pioneering research from European and Chinese scholars. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2012: 212-221.
