城市层面TOD规划的结构形态解读
Reflection on Urban Pattern of Citywide TOD Planning Structure
刘 泉
深圳市蕾奥规划设计咨询股份有限公司 主任设计师，高级工程师
摘要: 从历史发展的维度看，TOD规划结构形态与近代时期理想城市模型存在传承关系，均具有在城市层面依托轨道交通整体构建城市结构的特点。在现阶段，TOD规划结构类型存在多种形式，因而应该从历史上理想城市模型中吸取经验，构建从城市整体视角观察TOD规划结构形态的思路，并进行分类研究，划分为点轴模式、带状模式、放射模式、环状模式、组团模式和网络模式6种主要类型。TOD规划结构形态多样性来源于轨道建设与城市结构结合的多种关系，在对城市TOD结构形态进行构建时，应该从空间结构的复合性、发展时序的动态性以及建设机制的多样性视角切入，形成更为合理的发展模式。
Abstract: From the perspective of historical development, TOD planning structure inherits the ideal city models in modern times. Both of them rely on rail system for building integrated urban structure at citywide scale. At present, there are many types of TOD planning structures. TOD pattern should be observed and classified from the citywide perspective based on lessons from the ideal city models in history, and 6 types of TOD planning structures can be found: point-axis pattern, corridor pattern, radial pattern, circle pattern, group pattern and network pattern. The diversity of the patterns originates in multiple relations between urban structure and transit line network.Urban TOD structure should be built in three perspectives: complexity of space structure, dynamic of development process, and diversity of development mechanism, so more reasonable development mode can be formed.
关键词：轨道交通；TOD；城市形态；类型
Keyword: rail transit; transit-oriented development; urban pattern; type
中图分类号：TU981
文献标识码: A
孙施文. 现代城市规划理论[M]. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2007.
SUN Shiwen. Modern urban planning theories[M]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2007.
管驰明，崔功豪. 公共交通导向的中国大都市空间结构模式探析[J]. 城市规划，2003（10）：39-43.
GUAN Chiming, CUI Gonghao. A probe into transit-oriented spatial structure pattern of metropolis in China[J]. City Planning Review, 2003(10): 39-43.
卡尔索普 P. 未来美国大都市：生态•社区•美国梦[M]. 郭亮，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2009.
CALTHORPE P. The next American metropolis: ecology, community, and the american dream[M]. GUO Liang, translate. Beijing: China Architecture& Building Press, 2009.
HONDRORP B. History of transit-oriented development[R]// BOSSARD E. Envisioning neighborhoods with transit-oriented development potential. San Jose: San Jose State University, 2002.
迪特马尔 H，奥兰德 G. 新公交城市：TOD的最佳实践[M]. 王新军，苏海龙，周锐，等译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2006.
DITTMAR H, OHLAND G. The New transit town: best practices in transit-oriented development[M]. WANG Xinjun, SU Hailong, ZHOU Rui, et al, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2006.
奥图 W，亨德森 P. 公共交通、土地利用与城市形态[M]. 龚迪嘉，译. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社，2013.
ATTOE W, HENDERSON P. Transit, land use and urban form[M]. GONG Dijia, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2013.
日建设计站城一体开发研究会. 站城一体开发——新一代公共交通指向型城市建设[M]. 傅舒兰，田乃鲁，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2014.
Nikken Sekkei Integrated Station City Development Seminar. Integrated station-city development: the next advances of TOD[M]. FU Shulan, TIAN Nailu, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2014.
石川幹子. 城市与绿地——为创造新型的城市环境而努力[M]. 雷芸，祝丹，段克勤，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2014.
ISHIKAWA M. City and green space: strive for creating new urban environment[M]. LEI Yun, ZHU Dan, DUAN Keqin, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2014.
柯布西耶 L. 精确性——建筑与城市规划状态报告[M]. 陈洁，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2009.
CORBUSIER L. Precisions: on the present state of architecture and city planning[M]. CHEN Jie, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2009.
霍华德 E. 明日的田园城市[M]. 金经元，译. 北京：商务印书馆，2010.
HOWARD E. Garden cities of tomorrow[M]. JIN Jingyuan, translate. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2010.
石田頼房. 日本近代都市計画の百年[M]. 東京：自治体研究社，1987.
ISHIDA Y. A hundred years of modern city planning in Japan[M]. Tokyo: Institute of Local Governments, 1987.
刘龙胜，杜建华，张道海. 轨道上的世界——东京都市圈城市和交通研究[M]. 北京：人民交通出版社，2013.
LIU Longsheng, DU Jianhua, ZHANG Daohai.City of rail: urban and transport research on Tokyo metropolitan area[M]. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2013.
TACHIEVA G. Sprawl repair manual[M]. Washington:Island press, 2010.
沃尔玛尔 C. 铁路改变世界[M]. 刘媺，译. 上海：上海人民出版社，2014.
WOLMAR C. Blood, iron and gold: how the railways transformed the world[M]. LIU Mei, translate. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2014.
丁川，吴纲立，林姚宇. 美国TOD理念发展背景及历程解析[J]. 城市规划，2015（5）：89-96.
DING Chuan, WU Gangli, LIN Yaoyu. An analysis on the background and evolution of transit-oriented development in the USA[J]. City Planning Review, 2015(5): 89-96.
潘海啸，任春洋. 《美国TOD的经验、挑战和展望》评介[J]. 国外城市规划，2004（6）：61-65.
PAN Haixiao, REN Chunyang. The review of "transit-oriented development in America: experiences, challenges, and prospects"[J]. Urban Planning International, 2004(6): 61-65.
Calthorpe Associates, Mintier & Associates. transit-oriented development design guidelines for Sacramento county planning & community development department[S]. 1990.
杜安伊 A，兹伊贝克 E，阿尔米尼亚纳 R. 新城市艺术与城市规划元素[M]. 隋荷，孙志刚，译. 大连：大连理工大学出版社，2008.
DUANY A, PLATEER-ZYBERK E, ALMINANA R. The new civic art: elements of town planning[M]. SUI He, SUN Zhigang, translate. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology Press, 2008.
罗巧灵，胡忆东，丘永东. 国际低碳城市规划的理论、实践和研究展望[J]. 规划师，2011（5）：5-10, 27.
LUO Qiaoling, HU Yidong, QIU Yongdong. The theory, practice and prospect of the low carbon city planning[J]. Planners, 2011(5): 5-10, 27.
董琦，甄峰. 低碳城市理念对城市规划的引导分析[J]. 城市发展研究，2010（8）：11-14.
DONG Qi, ZHEN Feng. Low carbon city and analysis of its guidance to urban planning[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2010(8): 11-14.
阿特金斯集团. 低碳生态城市规划方法[EB/OL]. [2014-07-21]. http://www.atkinsglobal.com/en-GB/group/sectors-and-services/services/future-proofing-cities/china.
Atkins. Eco-low carbon urban planning methodology[EB/OL]. [2014-07-21]. http://www.atkinsglobal.com/en-GB/group/sectors-and-services/services/future-proofing-cities/china.
叶玉瑶，张虹鸥，许学强，等. 面向低碳交通的城市空间结构：理论、模式与案例[J]. 城市规划学刊，2012（5）：37-43.YE Yuyao, ZHANG Hongou, XU Xueqiang, et al. The urban spatial structure towards low-carbon transportation: theory, model and case study[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2012(5): 37-43.
刘泉. 前TOD时代的铁路站点地区规划布局模式解读——以近代东北铁路附属地为例[J]. 现代城市研究，2016（11）：52-58.
LIU Quan. Railway station area planning pattern in pre-TOD era: case study on modern Northeastern railway subsidiaries[J]. Modern Urban Research, 2016(11): 52-58.
王缉宪. 国外城市土地利用与交通一体规划的方法与实践[J]. 国外城市规划，2001（1）：5-9.
WANG Jixian. Method and practice of integrated planning of overseas land use and transportation[J]. Urban Planning International, 2001(1): 5-9.
Center for Transit-oriented Development. Transit corridors and TOD: connecting the dots[R]. 2008.
牛婷婷，马先婷，尹晓水. 轨道交通线网结构与城市空间形态对应关系研究[J]. 城乡规划，2014（1）：75-80.
NIU Tingting, MA Xianting, YIN Xiaoshui. Study on relations between rail transit network and urban form[J]. Urban and Rural Planning, 2014(1): 75-80.
官莹，黄瑛. 轨道交通对城市空间形态的影响[J]. 城市问题，2004（1）：36-39, 22.
GUAN Ying, HUANG Ying. The affection of rail transit on urban form[J]. Urban Problems, 2004(1): 36-39, 22.
赵万民，杨欣，汪洋. 复合中枢：TOD廊道导向的低碳生态城市途径[J]. 规划师，2011（3）：76-81.
ZHAO Wanmin, YANG Xin, WANG Yang. Compound backbone: TOD corridor oriented low carbon city development[J]. Planners, 2011(3): 76-81.
张昊，张忠国. 美国阿灵顿城市轨道交通发展模式的分析与借鉴[J]. 国际城市规划，2011（2）：80-84.
ZHANG Hao, ZHANG Zhongguo. Learning from the development model of urban rail transit in Arlington[J]. Urban Planning International, 2011(2): 80-84.
刘泉，钱征寒. 北美城市TOD轨道站点地区的分类规划指引[J]. 城市规划，2016（3）：63-70.
LIU Quan, QIAN Zhenghan. Planning guidance for the typology methodologies of transit-oriented development areas in north American cities[J]. City Planning Review, 2016(3): 63-70.
冯浚，徐康明. 哥本哈根TOD模式研究[J]. 城市交通，2006（2）：41-46.
FENG Jun, XU Kangming. A study on Copenhagen's transit-oriented development[J]. Urban Transport of China, 2006(2): 41-46.
宋昀，汤朝晖. 从经典式到现代式——对中国城市TOD规划的启发[J]. 城市规划，2016（3）：71-75, 102.
SONG Yun, TANG Zhaohui. From classic pattern to modern pattern: inspiration for TOD mode in Chinese cities[J]. City Planning Review, 2016(3): 71-75, 102.
广州市城市规划编制研究中心，广州市地下铁道总公司，广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院，等. 广州市轨道交通沿线站点周边综合发展规划研究[R]. 2012.
Guangzhou Urban Planning and Research Center, Guangzhou Metro Corporation, Guangzhou Urban Planning&Design Survey Research Institute, et al. Comprehensive development planning research on the site along Guangzhou rail transit[R]. 2012.
住房和城乡建设部. 城市轨道沿线地区规划设计导则[S]. 北京：住房和城乡建设部，2015.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. Planning and design guidance of the areas along urban transit railways[S]. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, 2015.
矢岛隆，家田仁. 轨道创造的世界都市——东京[M]. 陆化普，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2016.
YAJIMA T, IEDA H. Transit oriented development: Tokyo[M]. LU Huapu, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2016.
邹伟勇. 新加坡新镇轨道站点TOD开发对广州近郊新区规划启示[J]. 南方建筑，2015（4）：36-43.
ZOU Weiyong. The reference of the TOD in metro stations in the new town of Singapore to the Guangzhou suburban planning[J]. South Architecture, 2015(4): 36-43.
泰伦 E. 新城市主义宪章（2版）[M]. 王学生，谭学者，译. 北京：电子工业出版社，2016.
TALEN E. Charter of the new urbanism (2nd edition)[M]. WANG Xuesheng, TAN Xuezhe, translate. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2016.
OHNO H. Tokyo 2050 fiber city[R]. Tokyo: Ohno Laboratory, the University of Tokyo, 2006.
铃木博明，瑟夫洛 R, 井内加奈子. 公交引导城市转型——公交与土地利用整合促进城市可持续发展[M]. 赵晖，李春艳，王书灵，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2013.
SUZUKI H, CERVERO R, IUCHI K. Transforming cities with transit: transit and land-use integration toward sustainable urban development[M]. ZHAO Hui, LI Chunyan, WANG Shuling, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2013.
李盛，新加坡邻里中心及其在我国的借鉴意义[J]. 国外城市规划，1999（4）：30-33.
LI Sheng. Neighborhood center in Singapore and its reference significance to China[J]. Urban Planning Overseas, 1999(4): 30-33.
