寒地城市儿童健康导向的社区规划策略研究*
Research on Community Planning Strategy with Children's Health Orientation in Winter Cities
冷 红
哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院 寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室 教授，博士生导师
袁 青（通信作者）
哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院 寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室 教授，博士生导师
张东禹
哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院 寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室 博士研究生
摘要: 社区是影响儿童健康的重要场所，寒地城市社区因特殊的气候条件和社会背景对儿童的行为活动和身心健康产生特殊的影响。通过分析寒地城市儿童的健康需求，总结寒地城市社区对儿童健康的物质空间和人文社会影响因素，以促进儿童健康成长和减少健康风险因素为基本思路解决寒地城市社区现状问题。同时结合国际经验，针对寒地城市儿童特点，从空间和服务角度提出提高活动空间及设施精细化水平、增强季节性环境利用率与转换弹性，以及加强儿童参与和权利表达等健康导向的社区规划策略。以期提高寒地城市社区的儿童健康水平，推动健康宜居的社区建设。
Abstract: Community is an important place affecting children's health. Because of the special climate conditions and social background, the community in winter city has a notable impact on children's behavior and physical and mental health. By analyzing the needs of children's health in winter cities, this paper summarizes the physical space and human and social factors affecting children's health in winter city communities, and solves the current problems of winter city communities with the basic idea of promoting children's healthy growth and reducing health risk factors. Combined with international experience, this paper puts forward suggestions to improve the activity space and service according to the characteristics of children in cold cities.Health-oriented community planning strategies include the refinement of facilities, the enhancement of seasonal environmental utilization and conversion flexibility, and the enhancement of children's participation and rights expression. The purpose is to improve the health level of children in cold urban communities and promote the construction of healthy and livable communities.
关键词：寒地城市；儿童健康；健康社区规划
Keyword: winter city; children's health; healthy community planning
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
国家自然科学基金 “严寒地区基于居民心血管健康效应的城市空间影响机制及规划调控技术研究” 51978192
中华人民共和国国务院. 国务院关于实施健康中国行动的意见[R]. 2019.
State Council of the People's Republic of China.Opinions of the state council on implementing healthy China action[R]. 2019.
联合国儿童基金会. 构建儿童友好型城市和社区手册[EB/OL]. （2019-05-01）[2019-11-30].https://www.unicef. cn/reports/cfci-handbook. UNICEF.Shaping urbanization for children a handbook on child-responsive urban planning[EB/OL]. (2019-05-01)[2019-11-30].https://www.unicef. cn/reports/cfci-handbook.
任泳东，吴晓莉. 儿童友好视角下建设健康城市的策略性建议[J]. 上海城市规划，2017（3）：24-29.
REN Yongdong, WU Xiaoli.Strategic suggestions on the healthy city development in the perspective of child-friendly city[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2017(3): 24-29.
SAELENS B E, HANDY S L. Built environment correlates of walking[J]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2008, 40(S): 550-566.
杨婕，陶印华，柴彦威. 邻里建成环境与社区整合对居民身心健康的影响——交通性体力活动的调节效应[J]. 城市发展研究，2019，26（9）：17-25.
YANG Jie, TAO Yinhua, CHAI Yanwei. Neighborhood built environment,community cohesion and public health: the moderating effect of transport-related physical activity[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2019, 26(9): 17-25.
唐莉英. 城市邻里公园中自然式儿童游憩空间设计研究[J]. 华中建筑，2018，36（7）：40-42.
TANG Liying.Natural children's recreational space design in urban neighborhood park[J]. Huazhong Architecture, 2018, 36(7): 40-42.
林晨薇，韩西丽，范京. 土地开发强度对儿童户外体力活动的影响——以深圳市为例[J]. 城市规划，2018，42（11）：97-102.
LIN Chenwei, HAN Xili, FAN Jing. Impacts of land development intensity on children's outdoor physical activities: a case study of Shenzhen[J]. City Planning Review, 2018, 42(11): 97-102.
JIA P, XUE H, CHENG X, et al. Association of neighborhood built environments with childhood obesity: evidence from a 9-year longitudinal, nationally representative survey in the US[J]. Environment International, 2019, 128: 158-164.
翟宝昕，朱玮. 儿童户外活动视角下的上海市建成环境评价研究[J]. 上海城市规划，2018（1）：90-94.
ZHAI Baoxin, ZHU Wei. Research on the evaluation of the built environment to promote children's outdoor activities in Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2018(1): 90-94.
CHANDRABOSE M, RACHELE J N, GUNN L, et al.Built environment and cardio-metabolic health: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies[J].Obesity Reviews, 2019, 20(1): 41-54.
FULTON J E, SHISLER J L, YORE M M, et al. Active transportation to school: findings from a national survey[J]. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2005, 76(3): 352-357.
丁恺昕，韩西丽. 深圳市户外游戏场地空间特征对儿童游戏行为和综合发展的影响研究[J]. 规划师，2019，35（15）：87-92.
DING Kaixin, HAN Xili.The impact of contemporary outdoor playground spatial features on children's play and development, Shenzhen[J]. Planners, 2019, 35(15): 87-92.
黄政实，钟涛，孙学英. 社区物理环境和未成年人休闲性身体活动的关系研究综述[J]. 体育研究与教育，2015，30（S1）：1-4.
HUANG Zhengshi, ZHONG Tao, SUN Xueying. Review on the relationship between physical environment in community and leisure physical activities of minors[J]. Sports Research and Education, 2015, 30(S1): 1-4.
KIM Y. Impacts of the perception of physical environments and the actual physical environments on self-rated health[J]. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 2016, 20(1): 73-87.
李泽，张瑶. 社区建成环境对儿童健康影响的进展研究——基于体力活动视角的文献述评及展望[J]. 南方建筑，2020（5）：112-119.
LI Ze, ZHANG Yao. Research on the impact of the community built environment on children's health: literature review and prospects from the perspective of physical activities[J]. South Architecture, 2020(5): 112-119.
冷红，袁青. 严寒气候背景下宜居城市环境建设的科学理念[J]. 城市规划，2008（10）：26-31.
LENG Hong, YUAN Qing. Scientific concepts of livable city construction under severe cold climate[J]. City Planning Review, 2008(10): 26-31.
冷红. 城市空间与气候适应性设计[J]. 城市建筑，2017（1）：3.
LENG Hong.Urban space and climate adaptability design[J].Urbanism and Architecture, 2017(1): 3.
季成叶. 现代儿童少年卫生学[M]. 北京：人民卫生出版社，2010.
JI Chengye. Child and adolescent health[M]. Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House, 2010.
中国学生体质与健康研究组. 2014年中国学生体质与健康调研报告[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2016.
Chinese Students' Physique and Health Research Group. Report on the physical fitness and health surveillance of Chinese school students[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 2016.
尚磊，徐勇勇，杜晓晗. 我国男性青年营养状况的地区差异[J]. 中国公共卫生，2003（10）：15-17.
SHANG Lei, XU Yongyong, DU Xiaohan. Geographic difference of nutrition status in Chinese male youth[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2003(10): 15-17.
何进伟，葛淼，曹利霞，等. 基于偏最小二乘回归的中国青春期男性肺活量参考值与地理因素的关系[J]. 生物数学学报，2011，26（3）：547-554.
HE Jinwei, GE Miao, CAO Lixia, et al.The relationship between the reference value of Chinese adolescent boy's VC and geographical factors based on partial square regression[J]. Journal of Biomathematics, 2011, 26(3): 547-554.
高峻璞. 我国儿童伤害的流行病学研究进展[J]. 中国学校卫生，2006（7）：555-557.
GAO Junpu. Research progress on epidemiology of child injury in China[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2006(7): 555-557.
SCHWARTZ, PAUL J. Can the season of birth risk factor for schizophrenia be prevented by bright light treatment for the second trimester mother around the winter solstice?[J]. Medical Hypotheses, 2014, 83(6): 809-815.
MCGRATH J, EYLES D, PEDERSEN C, et al. Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia: a population-based case-control study[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2010, 117(2-3): 312.
昭阳. 谨防季节性情感障碍[J]. 江苏卫生保健，2016（3）：48.
ZHAO Yang. Beware of seasonal affective disorder[J]. Jiangsu Health Care, 2016(3): 48.
杨立明，王晓明，韩巍，等. 气候因素对呼吸系统疾病的影响与意义[J]. 中国中医基础医学杂志，2007（7）：540-541.
YANG Liming, WANG Xiaoming, HAN Wei, et al. Effects of climatic factors on respiratory diseases and its significance[J]. Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine, 2007(7): 540-541.
王灏晨，路凤，武继磊，等. 中国气候变化对人口健康影响研究评述[J]. 科技导报，2014（Z2）：109-116.
WANG Haochen, LU Feng, WU Jilei, et al. Study on the impact of climate change in China on population health[J]. Science and Technology Review, 2014(Z2): 109-116.
王子健，潘滔，马芙蓉. 听觉刺激对听觉功能发育的影响[J]. 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志，2016（12）：994-997.
WANG Zijian, PAN Tao, MA Furong. The effect of auditory stimulation on the development of auditory function[J]. Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2016(12): 994-997.
SÖDERBERG P. Optical radiation and the eyes with special emphasis on children[J]. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2011, 107(3): 389-392.
吴依然，张敏，崔明明，等. 维生素D与儿童感染性疾病相关性及其抗感染机制研究[J]. 中国感染控制杂志，2020，19（11）：1037-1041.
WU Yiran, ZHANG Min, CUI Mingming, et al. Correlation between vitamin D and infectious diseases in children and its anti-infection mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Infection Control, 2020, 19(11): 1037-1041.
王慧铭. 冬季，小儿皮肤防冻[J]. 幼儿教育，1997（1）：26.
WANG Huiming. Winter, children's skin antifreeze[J]. Early Childhood Education, 1997(1): 26.
冷红，蒋存妍. 基于严寒气候的健康城市物质空间环境规划初探[EB/OL]. （2012-09-17）[2017-05-31]. http://www.paper.edu.cn/releasepaper/content/201209-176.
LENG Hong, JIANG Cunyan. Healthy citymaterial space environment planning based on the cold climate[EB/OL]. (2012-09-17)[2017-05-31]. http://www.paper.edu.cn/releasepaper/ content/201209-176.
BARNETT D W, BARNETT A, NATHAN A, et al. Built environmental correlates of older adults'total physical activity and walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2017,14(1): 103.
KITAMURA T, KIYOHARA K, SAKAI T, et al. Public-access defibrillation and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2016,375(17): 1649-1659.
PAUL A, PAGE A, BARKER R. Risk factors associated with injury and mortality from paediatric low speed vehicle incidents: a systematic review[J].International Journal of Pediatrics, 2013: 841360.
NAKASHIMA T, NOGUCHI T, TAHARA Y, et al. Public-access defibrillation and neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: a population-based cohort study[J]. Lancet, 2020, 394(10216): 2255-2262.
史欣然，陈天娇，马军. 儿童青少年饮食行为模式的家庭影响因素分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志，2020，41（8）：1291-1295.
SHI Xinran, CHEN Tianjiao, MA Jun. Analysis of family influencing factors of dietary behavior pattern of children and adolescents[J]. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2020, 41(8): 1291-1295.
胡香英，林茜，李方，等. 长沙市4—6年级小学生体形认知与每日体力活动时间的研究[J]. 实用预防医学，2013，20（5）：534-538.
HU Xiangying, LIN Xi, LI Fang, et al. Study on body image self-perception and daily physical activity time among grade 4-6 students in Changsha City[J]. Practical Preventive Medicine, 2013, 20(5): 534-538.
李松骏. 用加速度传感器对中学生体力活动及相关因素的分析研究[D]. 南京：南京体育学院，2013.
LI Songjun. Analysis and research on physical activity and related factors of middle school students with acceleration sensor[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Sport Institute, 2013.
张芯，宋逸，杨土保，等. 2010年中国中小学生每天体育锻炼1小时现状及影响因素[J]. 中华预防医学杂志，2012，46（9）：781-788.
ZHANG Xin, SONG Yi, YANG Tubao, et al. Analysis of current situation of physical activity and influencing factors in Chinese primary and middle school students in 2010[J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012, 46(9): 781-788.
WANG X, LIU Q M, REN Y J, et al. Family influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviours in Chinese junior high school students: a cross-sectional study[J]. BMC Public Health, 2015, 15: 287
LI M, DIBLEY M J, SIBBRITT D, et al. Factors associated with adolescents'physical inactivity in Xi'an City, China[J]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2006, 38(12): 2075-2085.
OLIVER M, MCPHEE J, CARROLL P, et al. Neighbourhoods for active kids: study protocol for a cross-sectional examination of neighbourhood features and children's physical activity, active travel,independent mobility and body size[J]. BMJ Open,2016, 6(8): e013377.
冯星淋，沈娟，郭岩. 儿童健康公平性的社会决定因素研究[J]. 北京大学学报（医学版），2010，42（3）：252-257.
FENG Xinglin,SHEN Juan,GUO Yan.Research on the social determinants of child health inequalities[J].Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences),2010,42(3):252-257.
孟雪.儿童友好导向的城市住区空间环境评价与优化设计研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2020.
MENG Xue. Evaluation and optimization design of neighborhood physical environment for the purpose of child-friendliness[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2020.
高竹青. 基于儿童不同季节活动特征的住区户外公共空间设计研究[D]. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2019.
GAO Zhuqing. Research on residential public open space design based on characteristics of children's behavior in different seasons: a case study of winter city Harbin[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2019.
冷红，高竹青，袁青. 寒地城市儿童不同季节住区户外活动特征及空间规划启示[J]. 中国园林，2020，36（9）：53-58.
LENG Hong, GAO Zhuqing, YUAN Qing. Characteristics of residential outdoor activities in different seasons for children living in cities of severe cold climate and spatial planning implications[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2020, 36(9): 53-58.
袁昕，刘佳燕，文爱平. 后疫情时代的社区治理和社区规划[J]. 北京规划建设，2020（5）：187-190.
YUAN Xin,LIU Jiayan,WEN Aiping.Community governance and community planning in the post epidemic era[J]. Beijing Planning Review, 2020(5): 187-190.
City of Edmonton.Child Friendly Edmonton Working Plan[EB/OL].[2019-11-30]. https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/for_children_kids_youth/child-friendly-edmonton.aspx.
UNICEF Child Friendly Cites Initiative. Canada[EB/OL].[ 2019-11-30]. https://childfriendlycities.org/canada/.
UNICEF United Kingdom.Barnet Children and Young People's Plan 2019-2023[EB/OL].[ 2019-11-30]. https://www.unicef.org.uk/child-friendly-cities/home/.
休•巴顿，马库斯•格兰特，理查德·吉斯. 塑造邻里：为了地方健康和全球可持续性[M]. 唐燕，梁思思，郭磊贤，译. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2017.
BARTON. H, MITCHAM C, TSOUROU C. Healthy urban planning-a who guide to planning for people[M]. TANG Yan, LIANG Sisi, GUO Leixian, translate. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2017.
KYTTÄ M. The extent of children's independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2004, 24(2): 179-198
刘姝宇，曾赫铭，宋代风. 从沃邦案例辨析当代德国无车住区规划设计方法[J].新建筑，2019（4）：90-95.
LIU Shuyu, ZENG Heming, SONG Daifeng. Approaches for car-free residential planning in contemporary Germany:a case study of Vauban[J]. New Architecture, 2019(4): 90-95.
