世界级步行适宜城市的规划与建设经验借鉴*
Planning and Construction Experience of World-class Walkable City
甄新瑜
甄新瑜
杨文越（通信作者）
华南农业大学林学与风景园林学院 副教授，硕士生导师
摘要: 步行作为一种最基本的体力活动和交通方式，对城市环境、社区活力和居民健康均具有非常重要的作用。以伦敦和纽约为例，分别对欧洲和北美国家世界级步行适宜城市规划与建设经验进行梳理和归纳。研究发现：它们都充分体现了以人为本、步行优先的规划理念。其中，伦敦侧重于宏观尺度的城市步行体系构建，优化步行网络与结构，创新规划政策，以保障行人优先权，鼓励居民积极参与步行；而纽约则侧重于从微观尺度对街道空间进行规划设计。首先，通过打破社区边界，共享设施资源，丰富鼓励步行的活动。其次，实现街道公共空间化、完善街道设计，提高行人步行体验。最后，对中国建设高密度步行适宜城市提出政策启示与建议。
Abstract: As one of the most basic physical activities and transportation modes, walking plays an important role in urban environment, neighborhood vitality and residents' health. Taking London and New York as examples, this paper summarizes the planning and construction experience of world-class walkable cities in Europe and North America. It is found that they fully embody the planning concept of people-oriented and walking first. Among them, London focuses on the construction of a macro-scale urban pedestrian system, by optimizing the pedestrian network and structure, ensuring pedestrian priority, and encouraging residents to actively participate in walking. New York, on the other hand, focuses on the planning and design of street space on a micro-scale. First, by breaking the neighborhood boundary, sharing facilities and resources, it can enrich and encourage walking activities. Second, to realize the street public space and improve the street design, it can improve pedestrian walking experience. This paper finally puts forward some policy implications and suggestions for the construction of high-density walkable cities in China.
关键词：步行；步行适宜城市；街道设计；伦敦；纽约
Keyword: walk; walkable city; street design; London; New York
中图分类号：TU984
文献标识码: A
资金资助
广州市科技计划项目 “通勤出行碳排放的非线性影响机理研究” 202102021041
COLE R, DUNN P, HUNTER L, et al. Walk score and Australian adults' home-based walking for transport[J]. Health & Place, 2015, 35: 60-65.
DOESCHER M P, LEE C, BERKE E M, et al. The built environment and utilitarian walking in small U.S. towns[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2014, 69: 80-86.
DELFIEN V D, GREET C, BENEDICTE D, et al. Neighborhood SES and walkability are related to physical activity behavior in Belgian adults[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2010, 501: S74-S79.
RUNDLE A G, SHEEHAN D M, QUINN J W, et al. Using GPS data to study neighborhood walkability and physical activity[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2016, 50(3): e65-e72.
TODD M, ADAMS M A, KURKA J, et al. GIS-measured walkability, transit, and recreation environments in relation to older adults' physical activity: a latent profile analysis[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2016, 93: 57-63.
郭嵘，李元，黄梦石. 哈尔滨15分钟社区生活圈划定及步行网络优化策略[J]. 规划师，2019，35（4）：18-24.
GUO Rong, LI Yuan, HUANG Mengshi. Research on optimization strategy of walking network in 15-minute community life circle of Harbin[J]. Planners, 2019, 35(4): 18-24.
DONG H W, QIN B. Exploring the link between neighborhood environment and mental wellbeing: a case study in Beijing, China[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2017, 164: 71-80.
ZHANG L, ZHOU S H, KWAN M. A comparative analysis of the impacts of objective versus subjective neighborhood environment on physical, mental, and social health[J]. Health & Place, 2019, 59: 102170.
CAO X J, MOKHTARIAN P. Influences of LRT on travel behavior: a retrospective study on movers in Minneapolis[J]. Urban Study, 2016(54): 2504-2520.
CERVERO R, MURAKAMI J. Effects of built environments on vehicle miles traveled: evidence from 370 US urbanized areas[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2010(42): 400-418.
ZHAO P, ZHANG Y. Travel behavior and life course: examining changes in car use after residential relocation in Beijing[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2018, 73: 41-53.
葛天阳，后文君，阳建强. 步行优先指导下的英国城市中心区发展[J]. 国际城市规划，2019，34（1）：108-118.
GE Tianyang, HOU Wenjun, YANG Jianqiang. Pedestrian-oriented city centre development in the UK[J]. Urban Planning International, 2019, 34(1): 108-118.
胡俊辉，任利剑，运迎霞. 健康城市视角下国外可持续城市形态研究述评[J]. 国际城市规划，2019，36（1）：1-21.
HU Junhui, REN Lijian, YUN Yingxia. Review of foreign studies on sustainable urban form from the perspective of healthy cities[J]. Urban Planning International, 2019, 36(1): 1-21.
DING C, WANG D G, LIU C, et al. Exploring the influence of built environment on travel mode choice considering the mediating effects of car ownership and travel distance[J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2017, 100: 65-80.
卢江林，魏皓严，赵启东，等. 慢行网络导向的城市设计观：追溯与策略[J]. 规划师，2018，34（6）：99-104.
LU Jianglin, WEI Haoyan, ZHAO Qidong, et al. Pedestrian and bicycle network oriented urban design concept[J]. Planners, 2018, 34(6): 99-104.
周鑫. 澳大利亚城市步行环境的影响因素分析与应用——墨尔本市16个步行空间的实证研究[J]. 规划师，2017，33（z2）：197-202.
ZHOU Xin. The analysis of influential factors in urban walking environment: an empirical study on 16 walking spaces of Melbourne, Australia[J]. Planners, 2017, 33(z2): 197-202.
SU S L, PI J H, XIE H, et al. Community deprivation, walkability, and public health: highlighting the social inequalities in land use planning for health promotion[J]. Land Use Policy, 2017, 67: 315-326.
谭少华，王莹亮，肖健. 基于主动式干预的可步行城市策略研究[J]. 国际城市规划，2016，31（5）：61-67.
TAN Shaohua, WANG Yingliang, XIAO Jian. A study on walkable city strategies based on active intervention[J]. Urban Planning International, 2016, 31(5): 61-67.
鲁斐栋，谭少华. 建成环境对体力活动的影响研究：进展与思考[J]. 国际城市规划，2015，30（2）：62-70.
LU Feidong, TAN Shaohua. Built environment's influence on physical activity: review and thought[J].Urban Planning International, 2015, 30(2): 62-70.
World Health Organization. Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works: summary report[R/OL]. (2009)[2021-05-27]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44140/9789241598248_eng.pdf;jsessionid=B0E7F8533A6F7DB2091EA50C3362BA31?sequence=1.
中共中央国务院. “健康中国2030”规划纲要[N/OL]. (2016-10-25)[2021-05-27]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm.
The State Council of the People's Republic of China. The plan of "health China 2030"[N/OL]. (2016-10-25) [2021-05-27]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm.
中华人民共和国自然资源部. 市县国土总体空间规划编制指南[R]. 2019.
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China. Guidelines for the compilation of the overall spatial planning of municipal and county land[R]. 2019.
鲁斐栋，谭少华. 城市住区适宜步行的物质空间形态要素研究——基于重庆市南岸区16个住区的实证[J]. 规划师，2019，35（7）：69-76.
LU Feidong, TAN Shaohua. Urban form characteristics for walkable neighborhood: a case study of 16 neighborhoods in Nan'an District, Chongqing[J]. Planners, 2019, 35(7): 69-76.
Transport for London, Mayor of London. Travel in London[R/OL]. (2018)[2021-05-27]. http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-report-11.pdf.
Transport for London, Mayor of London. Walking and cycling statistics, England: 2017[R/OL]. (2018)[2021-05-27]. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/736909/walking-and-cycling-statistics-england-2017.pdf.
New York City. Active design--shaping the sidewalk experience[R/OL]. (2013) [2021-05-27]. https://www.academia.edu/9829846/ACTIVE_DESIGN_ShApING_ThE_SIDEwAlk_ExpErIENCE.
Walk Score. 2017 City & neighborhood ranking[EB/OL]. (2018) [2021-05-27]. https://www.walkscore.com/cities-and-neighborhoods/.
New York City Department of Transportation. Sustainable streets: 2013 and beyond[R/OL]. (2013) [2021-05-27]. https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2013-dot-sustainable-streets.pdf.
LESLIE E, COFFEE N, FRANK L, et al. Walkability of local communities: using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attribute[J]. Health & Place, 2007, 13: 111-122.
FRANK L D, SALLIS J F, CONWAY T L, et al. Many pathways from land use to health: associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(1): 75-87.
SALLIS J F, FRANK L, SAELENS B, et al. Active transportation and physical activity: opportunities for collaboration on transportation and public health research[J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2004, 38(4): 249-268.
TSIOMPRAS A B, PHOTIS Y N. What matters when it comes to "walk and the city"? Defining a weighted GIS-based walkability index[J]. Transportation Research Procedia, 2017, 24: 523-530.
CERVERO R, KOCKELMAN K. Travel demand and the 3Ds: density, diversity, and design[J]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 1997, 2(3): 199-219.
FRANK L D, SALLIS J F, SAELENS B E. The development of a walkability index: application to the neighborhood quality of life study[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010, 44(13): 924-933.
BROWNSON R C, HOEHNER C M, DAY K, et al. Measuring the built environment for physical activity[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2009, 36(4): S99-S123.
LONG Y. Street level urban design qualities for walkability: combining 2D and 3D GIS measures[J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 2017, 64: 288-296.
Transport for London, Mayor of London. Making London a walkable city the walking plan for London[R/OL]. (2004) [2021-05-27]. https://www.polisnetwork.eu/uploads/Modules/PublicDocuments/walking_plan_for_london_2004.pdf.
SCHMITZ A, SCULLY J. Creating walkable places: compact, mixed-use solution[M]. Washington, United States: Urban Land Institute, 2006.
STEPHEN M. A better urban design of cities is closely to sustainable planning[M]. Abingdon: Routledge, 2004.
BHATTACHARYYA D B, MITRA S. Making Siliguri a walkable city[J]. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, 96: 2737-2744.
Transport for London Analysis. London travel demand survey (LTDS)[R]. 2015.
Architects Z H. ZHA walkable London[N/OL]. (2018) [2021-05-27]. https://www.walkablelondon.co.uk/.
Department for Transport. Cycling and walking investment strategy[R/OL]. (2017) [2021-05-27]. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/603527/cycling-walking-investment-strategy.pdf.
STONOR T. London, pedestrian routemap[R/OL]. (2002) [2021-05-27]. https://spacesyntax.com/project/london-pedestrian-routemap/.
TFL Community Team. Legible London: walking[R/OL]. (2017) [2021-05-27]. https://londonblog.tfl.gov.uk/2017/09/18/legible-london/.
Transport for London. Walk London[R/OL]. (2018) [2021-05-27]. https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/walking/top-walking-routes.
Transport for London, Mayor of London. Green chain walk[R/OL]. (2017) [2021-05-27]. http://content.tfl.gov.uk/green-chain-walk-section-1.pdf.
Government Office for Science. Walking in the UK transport system: how and why is it changing?[R]. 2018.
Transport for London. Travel in London report 10[R/OL]. (2017) [2021-05-27]. http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-report-10.pdf.
New York City Department of Transportation. Street design manual[R/OL]. (2015) [2021-05-27]. https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/nycdot-streetdesignmanual-interior.pdf.
New York City Department of Transportation. Weekend walks[R/OL]. (2019) [2021-05-27]. https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/weekendwalks/downloads/pdf/partner-meeting-presentation-2019.pdf.
New York City Department Transportation. WalkNYC pedestrian maps by the pentacity group[R/OL]. (2011) [2021-05-27]. https://www.designboom.com/design/walknyc-pedestrian-maps-by-the-pentacitygroup/.
吴泽宇. 人本视角下墨尔本中心区可步行街道空间营造经验与启示[J]. 上海城市规划，2020（1）：99-104.
WU Zeyu. Experience and enlightenment of street space construction in Melbourne Central District from a humanistic perspective[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2020(1): 99-104.
钟心志，孙利利. 基于城市道路结构与功能分析的步行交通系统优化方法[J]. 交通与运输，2019，32（z1）：212-217.
ZHONG Xinzhi, SUN Lili. Optimization methods of walking system based on the structure and function of urban roads[J]. Traffic & Transportation, 2019, 32(z1): 212-217.
邓一凌，陈前虎，过秀成. 城市步行环境存在的问题及其解决途径[J]. 城市问题，2016（6）：47-52.
DENG Yiling, CHEN Qianhu, GUO Xiucheng. Problems and resolution ways to urban walking environment[J]. Urban Problems, 2016(6): 47-52.
李萌. 基于居民行为需求特征的“15分钟社区生活圈”规划对策研究[J]. 城市规划学刊，2017（1）：111-118.
LI Meng. The planning strategies of a 15-minute community life circle based on behaviors of residents[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2017(1): 111-118.
杨晰峰. 上海推进15分钟生活圈规划建设的实践探索[J]. 上海城市规划，2019（4）：124-129.
YANG Xifeng. Shanghai's practice of developing 15-minute life circle[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2019(4): 124-129.
张昊，尹力. 建成环境对行人安全性和步行性的影响：文献综述和案例分析[J]. 上海城市规划，2020（2）：44-48.
ZHANG Hao, YIN Li. The impact of the built environment on pedestrian safety and walkability: a literature review and case study[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2020(2): 44-48.
