2022 Vol.3

New Development of Data Augmented Design

Data Augmented Design for the Future Urban Space: Design Responses Influenced by Information and Communication Technology

Abstract: The development of information and communication technology (ICT) brings profound opportunities and challenges to urban planning and design. This study reviews the mix of real and virtual daily life and the spatiotemporal transfer of spatial usage from the perspective of human activities. It also summarizes the interplay of data and urban entity and intelligent response to the demand supported by ICT from the perspective of urban spatial form. This study proposes the changes in the urban space from three aspects. (1) "Exchanging time for space" — ICT could improve the efficiency of low-frequency/tidal space through mixed and shared space. (2) "Exchanging information for energy" — internet information replaces part of travel and functional space but also promotes the generation of new activities and space. (3) "Replacing pedestrian flows with logistics" — online to offline services promote the change of the flow direction of commodities/services, increasing demand for logistics warehousing and transportation space. This study also discusses the reshaping function and value of urban elements and the application potential of future-oriented data augmented design with digital innovation.

Synergised City: Frequency Synergy in Spatiotemporal Data-Augmented-Design

Abstract: Real cities continue shifting and evolving almost instantly. With the massive cross-modal, high-frequency, and spatiotemporal data, the approaches in urban analytics and spatial intervention are now known to be high-frequency, complementing the conventional, low-frequency methods, and providing new possibilities for short-term and long-term decision-making for urban wellbeing. The so-called "high-frequency city" and "low-frequency city" imply two paradigms that are not well-associated and mutually referenced, and the scrutiny on the urban frequency and on the cities under different frequencies is very still absent. This research introduces a new paradigm named "hybrid-frequency city" as a new methodology to incorporate the high-frequency city and low-frequency city comprehensively. It is argued that neither a fully high-frequency city nor a pure low-frequency city is the ultra-form of the future city. Urban frequency is defined as a fundamental element in the hybrid-frequency city, which is closely associated with domains, resolution, scales, etc. In our framework, the method to calibrate proper resolutions and scales for the purposed spatial domain is proposed and a frequency modulator is required for synergising the interventions across domains, scales, and resolutions for various urban issues. It is demonstrated that urban frequency is an essential type of urban intelligence that benefits relevant urban studies and practice with domain-scale-resolution precision.

Meta Urban System of Artificial Evolution: A Kind of Intelligent Generation of Urban Morphology

Abstract: To investigate how the way of generating urban spatial morphology reflects the essence of the cities as mega systems, this paper, from the perspective of theories, seeks to discuss the ideas on sustainable construction of complex systems, collaborative optimization of different disciplines, and multi-scaled network formation, explores the basic logics of generating urban spatial forms, and makes the initial proposition of establishing the pattern of the evolutional algorithm for producing urban spatial forms via the process of self-optimizing iteration. The paper draws on the theoretical achievements of complex systems and network science, and proposes the methodology which consists of the graph-based generation of spatial forms, generation of building forms via operations research, and parametric-aided generation of systems. In this way, a platform emerges with basic functions such as analysis of relationships between space and human behaviours, network analysis of land use and public facilities, 3D shape generation, multi-disciplinary assessment, and design adjustment via human-computer interaction. Finally, this paper introduces the practice in the planning and design of Mawan in Shenzhen, as well as the workshops at Shenzhen University and Tsinghua University, which gives some insights to the exploration of the driving force of future urban development.

 

Design of Planning Support System for the Optimization of Public Service Facilities Allocation

Abstract: As an important element of urban planning, allocating public service facilities in a city has a direct impact on the utilization efficiency of urban space and the life quality of residents. In the current practice of urban planning, the allocation of public service facilities is mainly based on the thousand indicator index and the service radius of the facilities, and quantitative research methods are lacking to support sufficiently accurate allocation analysis. Based on the idea of Data Augmented Design, this paper sorts out the key factors for the allocation of public service facilities and proposes the idea of quantitative allocation of public service facilities based on layout optimization models and intelligent optimization algorithms. A technical framework of planning support system for the optimization of public service facilities allocation is constructed in order to promote the update of facilities allocation technology and the scientific allocation of public service facilities.

 

Construction and Method Exploration of Urban Color System Based on CAS Theory: A Case Study of Wangfujing Block in Beijing

Abstract: In the context of national territory spatial planning, color is incorporated into the control elements of urban design, which has become an important means to extend the urban context and shape the urban characteristics. Combined with the experience of color development at home and abroad, this study summarizes the main problems of current urban color management and control, introduces the complex adaptive system (CAS) theory, analyzes the connotation of urban color system from three aspects of subject, characteristics and mechanism, and puts forward the system framework. On this basis, the paper clarifies the adaptive relationship between the color system and the urban design system, including the application methods in the four stages of overall design, block planning control, design guidance and implementation evaluation, and refines the technical means and application scenarios. It then takes the Beijing Wangfujing block as an example for technical verification, the control scheme for block renewal and governance is formed through color recognition of different scales, and the public participation mechanism is built by using the social network platform to realize the application of color perception and design, which makes the urban color that has always been difficult to quantify have the basic conditions for inclusion in the planning index system and long-term monitoring, and provides a new idea for urban big data to support planning and design.

 

Building Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Optimization Strategy Based on Multi-source Data: A Case Study of Cangshan District, Fuzhou

Abstract: Evaluation of building safety is an important factor in urban renewal. The previous early warning evaluation system has problems of low accuracy, strong subjectivity and limited measure scale. Taking the Cangshan District of Fuzhou as the object, which is in the rapid development stage, the PS-InSAR technology combined with the machine learning method is used to measure the risk of building itself, and the high-risk building cluster area is defined. The comprehensive risk assessment model is constructed based on multi-source data to realize multi-dimensional building risk assessment and provide a quantitative analysis path for urban development and construction. It is concluded that the building risk obtained by PS-InSAR technology combined with machine learning is in line with the actual situation, and the results can further determine the high-risk building cluster area quickly and scientifically. The development prospect and renewal order of different risk areas can be analyzed by combining social and economic factors and natural environment factors and field investigation, so as to put forward targeted renewal and optimization strategies.

 

Evaluation Method and Optimization Strategy of Primary School Spatial Service Performance Based on Multi-source Data: A Case Study of Dongxihu District, Wuhan

Abstract: Optimizing the performance of elementary school spatial services is important for improving the public service system and promoting the equal allocation of basic education resources. This paper attempts to construct a generalized, scientific and reasonable evaluation method for the spatial service performance of elementary schools based on the comprehensive application of multi-source data, and using Dongxihu District of Wuhan City as a specific case to evaluate, analyze and propose optimization strategies. Firstly, the evaluation principle of pedestrian friendliness is determined through a literature review. Then two evaluation indexes and criteria of pedestrian accessibility and safety are determined through a social survey. From the perspective of each student's travel experience, the school-district-based spatial service performance of elementary schools is finely evaluated through a comprehensive analysis of multi-source data. The evaluation results find that the school districts of some elementary schools in Dongxihu District are too large, the distribution of schools is unreasonable, and the road system is not perfect. In response to these problems, we propose optimization strategies such as adding new schools, adjusting school distribution, adjusting school districts, optimizing the pedestrian network, and increasing street crossing facilities, and select three typical elementary schools for specific optimization plan analysis. This study is a useful exploration of Data Augmented Design, and provides a relatively scientific basis for primary school layout, school district setting, road and land planning.