基于出租车GPS数据的居民出行行为和城市空间 结构分析*——以北京市为例
Analysis of Residents Travel Behavior and Urban Spatial Structure Based on Beijing Taxi GPS Data
魏海涛
中央财经大学政府管理学院 副教授，博士
王晨曦
伯明翰大学伯明翰商学院 硕士研究生
王 薇
华盛顿大学建成环境学院 硕士研究生
胡宝生
中央财经大学政府管理学院
肖天聪
中央财经大学政府管理学院
摘要: 居民出行模式是城市空间结构与功能的映射。运用北京市出租车GPS定位的轨迹大数据，揭示城市居民出行行为和城市空间结构特征。通过社区发现的方法，对短距离和中距离的出行网络进行分区研究，发现北京市“北强南弱不均衡”和“内强外弱圈层式”的出行特征。在每个出行社区内，大多数节点的出租车流量较低，出租车流量最大的节点在区域内部发挥了中枢的作用。此外，位于城市核心区的“居民出行区中心”土地利用类型更综合，出租车流量处于较高水平，而一些位于城市拓展区的“居民出行区中心”土地利用类型相对单一，引发了职住分离、潮汐车流等问题。建议从城市规划导向和实施上进一步完善城市次中心功能，构建功能协调、优势互补的多中心城市网络结构。
Abstract: The human travel pattern is a reflection of urban spatial structure and function. This research uses large scale Beijing taxi trip data extracted from GPS-enabled taxi trajectories to reveal the residential travel pattern and urban spatial structure. Using community detection method, we study the sub networks of the short distance and the medium distance travel network and discover the travel characteristics of Beijing, which is unbalanced distribution and concentric zone. In each travel community, more nodes have low taxi traffic flow and the nodes with the highest taxi traffic flow play a role as a hub in the network. In addition, the land use types in the central area of the city are more comprehensive, which attract a large amount of taxi flows. The land use types of the hubs in the urban expansion area are relatively homogeneous, which leads to the problem of home-work separation and tidal traffic flow. The results show that the function of urban sub-centers should be further improved in urban planning orientation, forming a multi-center urban network structure with sub-centers that are complementary and competitive with the central area.
关键词：出租车GPS数据；出行模式；城市结构；土地利用
Keyword: GPS-enabled taxi data; travel pattern; urban structure; land use
中图分类号：TU981
文献标识码: A
资金资助
教育部人文社会科学研究项目 “农村土地流转背景下劳动力迁移的空间选择：集聚还是分散？” 15YJC790113
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